Hip-hop/rap music genre can be further categorized into different genres listed below

• Alternative Rap
• Avant-Garde
• Bounce
• Chap Hop
• Christian Hip Hop
• Conscious Hip Hop
• Country-Rap
• Crunkcore
• Cumbia Rap
• Dirty South
• East Coast
• Freestyle Rap
• G-Funk
• Gangsta Rap
• Golden Age
• Hardcore Rap
• Hip-Hop
• Hip Pop
• Hyphy
• Industrial Hip Hop
• Instrumental Hip Hop
• Jazz Rap
• Latin Rap
• Low Bap
• Lyrical Hip Hop
• Merenrap
• Midwest Hip Hop
• Motswako
• Nerdcore
• New Jack Swing
• New School Hip Hop
• Old School Rap
• Rap
• Turntablism (thank you Luke Allfree)
• Underground Rap
• West Coast Rap

• 

• 

• 

Genre information

Hip hop, or hip-hop, is the term used to refer to a cultural movement created by African Americans, Caribbean Americans, and Latino Americans in the 1970s. It refers to hip hop music, including rap.

Hip hop has four primary elements and five secondary elements. The four primary elements are essential for understanding hip hop musically, while the remaining five are not necessary for musicality but are still prominent.

The four main elements include rapping, DJ’ing, breakdancing, and graffiti. The other features are hip hop culture and historical knowledge, beat boxing, street entrepreneurship, hip hop fashion, and the language of hip hop.

History of hip-hop/rap genre

Hip hop began in the 1970s as an urban underground movement in the Bronx. The movement initially focused on MC’ing neighborhood block parties or private house parties. It has always been a powerful medium that people have used to protest the legal institutions’ impact on minorities, specifically prisons and police.

Urban black and Latino youth in the South Bronx used hip hop as a form of expression. It arose from the ruins of a ravaged neighborhood that the public has long since written off as a marginalized community.

Jamaican DJ Kool Herc was the first to use percussion breaks in hip hop by using two record players to extend the beat of one record and using a mixer to switch back and forth between the two tracks.

MC’ing, or rapping, came from the African American tradition of capping, where men compete with one another in their originality of language to entice listeners. This spoken style was later laid over a beat.

While the idea of hip hop was still new, the basic elements already existed in African American music. The lyrics of more modern hip hop bounced back and forth between sexual innuendo and social or political commentary.

Originally, the MC would introduce the DJ and get the audience excited. In between the DJ’s songs, the MC would talk, tell jokes, and encourage people to dance. Soon, the line between the roles of MC and DJ blurred, as the MC spoke for longer sessions.

What was once spoken word became rhythmic wordplay, which gave way to rhyming and rapping in its present form.

• 

• 

Following are the most common types of magazines.

• Magazines of general interest: these magazines cater the need of entire population and have large circulation. In Pakistan Lailo nihar, Zindagi, Urdu digest, Quomi Digest, Family, Akhbare jahan are the examples. The world famous reader digest is also in same category.
• News Magazine: these are periodicals which are produced weekly or fortnightly. Articles on situation, politics, Economics, Religion, industry, sports etc are published e.g. Herald, Weekly Pulse, and Times.
• High Class Magazines: These magazine are aimed at selected audience, they appeal to a particular class. These magazines are serious minded periodicals offering high level reporting with emphasis upon literacy, ethical, social, political or scientific problems.
• Magazine of Men’s Interest: e.g. sports, love stories, fashion, photos
• Technical Magazines: these magazines are for specialized sections of society i.e. engineering, medicine, gardening etc.
• The House Magazine/ Journals: These are produced by companies, organizations etc and are distributed free of cost to employees, customers. The purpose behind is to present the products of a company. House journals are produced by the public relation department of any organization.

• 

• Literary Magazine: before partition there were literary men like sir Syed, laulana zafar ali khan, hasrat muhani, mulana Muhammad ali jauhar etc. they were poets, writers and literary figures. They published literary magazines but after publication of general magazine their popularity suffered. At present newspapers of Pakistan publish their literary weekly. Magazines e.g. humayun, nairang-i- khayal, were very popular but they were closed. At present fanon, naqoosh, sawara, nia dur are famous.
• Religious Magazine: tarjuman ul quran, turjuman ul hadith, iblagh, al Islam etc.
• Film Magazine: Shama, Musawar, Nigar, Roman, Shabab, Mumtaz       are examples.
• Sports Magazine: cricketer, sports times etc
• Magazine For Children: Phool, Taleem, Naunihal, bacho ka digest are examples.

The camera angle marks the specific location at which the movie camera or video camera is placed to take a shot. A scene may be shot from several camera angles simultaneously. This will give a different experience and sometimes emotion. The different camera angles will have different effects on the viewer and how they perceive the scene that is shot. There are a few different routes that a camera operator could take to achieve this effect.

Camera movement has the potential to function in many different ways, such as to direct the viewer’s attention, reveal off-screen space, provide narrative information, or create expressive effects. The   camera most frequently moves when an object moves within the frame, initiating re-framing or a following shot.

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photo lithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication.

• 

HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The history of photography began in remote antiquity with the discovery of two critical principles: camera obscura image projection and the observation that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th century. Around 1717 Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive slurry, but he apparently never thought of making the results durable. Around 1800 Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but Wedgwood and his associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix these images.

In the mid-1820s, Nicéphore Niépce first managed to fix an image that was captured with a camera, but at least eight hours or even several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very crude. Niépce’s associate Louis Daguerre went on to develop the daguerreotype process, the first publicly announced and commercially viable photographic process. The daguerreotype required only minutes of exposure in the camera, and produced clear, finely detailed results. The details were introduced as a gift to the world in 1839, a date generally accepted as the birth year of practical photography.^[1][2] The metal-based daguerreotype process soon had some competition from the paper-based calotype negative and salt print processes invented by William Henry Fox Talbot. Subsequent innovations made photography easier and more versatile. New materials reduced the required camera exposure time from minutes to seconds, and eventually to a small fraction of a second; new photographic media were more economical, sensitive or convenient, including roll films for casual use by amateurs. In the mid-20th century, developments made it possible for amateurs to take pictures in natural color as well as in black-and-white.

The commercial introduction of computer-based electronic digital cameras in the 1990s soon revolutionized photography. During the first decade of the 21st century, traditional film-based photochemical methods were increasingly marginalized as the practical advantages of the new technology became widely appreciated and the image quality of moderately priced digital cameras was continually improved. Especially since cameras became a standard feature on smartphones, taking pictures (and instantly publishing them online) has become a ubiquitous everyday practice around the world.

What are colors?

Colors define the thrust of our life and it has this deep connection with emotions, they are also used to define different feelings, seasons, ceremonies and most importantly culture. We can relate the color meanings with the basic psychology.

Colors and their meanings

RED:

This is the color of passion and drama. It is used universally to signify danger, courage, strength and power, love, violence, passion, anger. It also has a strong link with sexuality and increased appetites.in Chinese culture it represents luck and prosperity.

ORANGE:

It is known as the color of encouragement. The color conveys excitement, warmth and enthusiasm. The negative connotations of this color includes insincerity, exhibitionism and self-indulgence.

YELLOW:

This is the color of optimism. It conveys youthfulness and fresh energy.it also signifies cowardice. Moreover it conveys sunshine, betrayal and hazardness.

BLUE:

This color of trust induces calmness and conveys tranquility, serenity and peace. Furthermore it instils confidence and inspires feelings of trust, loyalty, integrity and responsibility. Blue tends to suppress the appetite or in other terms is appetite suppressant.

GREEN:

This color signifies growth and health. It conveys generosity, luck and humbleness as well. The prosperity signified by green can be negatively perceived as materialistic and possessive.

WHITE:

This color is associated with light, goodness, innocence, purity and virginity. It is considered to be the color of perfection and connotes positivity.

BLACK:

This color of mystery conveys pessimism, lack of hope, evilness, and power. It connotes the formality factor along with sexy and secretive. It is considered unfriendly and intimidating, yet still refined. Elegant and confident.

FONTS

 Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language, legible, readable and appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing, and letter spacing (tracking), and adjusting the space between pairs of letters. The term typography is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. Type design is a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography; most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers. Typography also may be used as a decorative device, unrelated to communication of information.

A typeface is a collection of letters. While each letter is unique, certain shapes are shared across letters. A typeface represents shared patterns across a collection of letters.

Typefaces that are selected for their style, legibility, and readability are most effective when following the fundamental principles of typographic design.

The baseline is the invisible line upon which a line of text rests. In Material Design, the baseline is an important specification in measuring the vertical distance between text and an element.